Security, Liberty and Vulnerability in The Risk Society: a Cross-Cutting Work Package

Summary

This is the 11th Work Package of the «Challenge» Integrated Project and has two major specificities. Firstly, it is exclusively directed towards social theory and, in particular, towards building a conceptual framework that converses with the sociotheoretical enquiries that underlie the project. Secondly, it has a ‘phase difference’ with project work as it seeks to take into consideration the findings of other Work Packages (WPs). The main ambition of the work to be carried out is to explore the combined effect of uncertainties and insecurities in different European societies and in different spheres of activity and perception (ranging from employment to crime and from migration to war). This is largely uncharted territory for the social sciences in general and sociology in particular and involves drawing the link between the broader socio-economic, socio-political and socio-cultural context, in which research that is conducted in all other workpackages takes its full meaning. The overarching question for the first 18 months will be to bring to light the link that governs the awareness of the following two seemingly unrelated dangers: a) the dangers that increasingly make the relation between security and liberty appear to European citizens as a trade-off, i.e. as two mutually exclusive conditions of being; b) the biographical dangers that destabilise and stress contemporary European societies.

Content

Despite the undoubted influence of the ‘risk society’ thesis, there has been no published research on the interconnection of different perceptions of danger. However, insecurity is an important theme not because there are more dangers today than they used to be in the past, but because fear and preoccupation currently govern the spectrum of contemporary public conscience. In the risk society, the central question to ask is how different preoccupations come together in the mind of an increasingly isolated individual, and what effect these preoccupations have on each other and on their bearer. Albeit complex, this question is indispensable in order to comprehend phenomena that are related to the management of various threats, and to the understanding of individual and collective well-being in terms of building effective defences against those threats.

It is a major objective of this Integrated Project to critically approach established representations of the relation between security and liberty as a trade-off and to explore ‘exceptionalism’ and its justifications. Public sympathy, acceptance, or tolerance towards these polarised representations is essentially embedded in familiar feelings of vulnerability and the projections of these feelings onto ‘tough’ public policies, mainly against dangerous Others. This means that it is impossible to fully come to terms with the current predilection for the notions of threat, crisis, and emergency, if we do not understand why the public is largely willing to take these notions for granted. In this context, the reasonable methodological and theoretical step to take is to explore how these notions resonate in other parts of public risk awareness and how they emerge reinforced from this resonance.

It will be important to cover theoretical and empirical research in areas that are of primary importance in determining experience in the risk society. This coverage can include research on biographical risks touching both upon the socio-economic dimension of late capitalism (e.g. work-related insecurity), and on the persistence of physical dangers (ranging from GMOs to violent crime). It will be even more significant to examine and analyse the link between the combined effect of risk awareness and the following two important tendencies: i) the very intensive competition between individuals in many fields at the same time (ranging from professional satisfaction to life-style choices); ii) the galloping regression into the private and intimate sphere. It is thought that this approach will yield a basic proposition on the relative importance of different types of fears and concerns and on the impact that major fears could have on the redefinition of liberty in terms of safety, and, accordingly, in terms of controlling and neutralising suspected dangerous Others.

The ultimate objective of this WP is the integration of the problématiques of the project into a consistent conceptual framework. The purpose of that framework will be to produce plausible, sophisticated and critical hypotheses on the link between generalised vulnerability and the primarily defensive understanding of individual liberties. The importance of these hypotheses will be to explore three clear questions. Namely, is the exceptionalism that traverses current European perceptions and policies on individual liberties an effect of the proliferation of uncertainty and insecurity in most areas of human activity? If this is so, what remedies can be found to reverse this trend and return us to a positive, aspirational and inclusive perception and implementation of individual and social freedom? What is and what should be the role of political governance in promoting this reversal?

The entire work will be either personally conducted or closely supervised by Michalis Lianos. Supervised work will be conducted on condition of collaborating with one or more research associates who can adequately undertake work of high empirical expertise, intense theoretical complexity and broad inter-cultural research communication. To do this, a research group is being built with academics and research students who have compatible interests; their work may certainly enrich the debate within the project but it remains to be seen if it can be brought to bear on the sociotheoretical endeavour that constitutes the main objective of this WP. At any rate, the participation of other researchers is not a precondition for the work conducted under this WP.

Expected Results

It is expected that by the end of the first year progress on the combination of different types of uncertainty, insecurity and vulnerability will have been integrated into a working paper. Work will continue with the mapping of spheres of vulnerability and their relative influence and dynamic links; the objective for the first phase of the project is to address via a new, more informed, version of the working paper the socio-cultural embeddedness of different types of uncertainty and insecurity and the impact of this embeddedness in constructing defensive worldviews

In the second phase of the project there will be a presentation to all partners, via a concise document, of several substantiated hypotheses on the link between experience in the risk society and contemporary shifts in approaching security and liberty under the influence of that experience.

Further on, work will involve gathering feedback from all other partners on the circulated document in order to explore in the main phase the hypotheses that seem more plausible, once the entire work of the Integrated Project over its first phase has been taken into account.

Bibliographical Orientation

The starting point, and the major difficulty, of work on this WP is that it addresses uncharted territory in social theory. As a result, the development of the work will engage with influential or important works in the area of the theory of modernity, and late modernity in particular. Such works usually have a fifteen to thirty-year life-cycle of influence and will generally shape the background against which the new arguments will be put forward, rather than the building blocks of these arguments. Some of these works are listed below. In all cases, a series of subsequent works from the same and other authors pursue and expand the initial focus of the work.

Beck U.,Risk Society: Towards a New Modernism, Sage Publications, London, 1992.

Beck’s influential statement on the contemporary western condition has introduced the idea of the "risk society" and, along with Giddens’s work below, has produced the framework for the central social theory debate in Europe during from the mid-90s to the early 2000s. The concept of "reflexive modernisation", (modernity turning on itself) is the cornerstone of the analysis, which is strongly based on the idea that exposure to risk is the main stratifying factor in late modernity. Beck’s approach makes awareness of major risks a precondition of the risk society and the operation of the social and political spheres in late modernity. Although, conscience is by definition the fundamental component of sociopolitical change, it is probably wrong that concern for major catastrophes underlies contemporary vulnerability. It is from this point of view essential to establish if contemporary vulnerability, particularly after the end of the cold war, originates in principled and distant risk projections or if it comes from the immediate sphere of experience within the competitive framework of increasingly liberal capitalist democracies. This is part of the focus of this WP and sets the stage for the development of all insecurity-related problématiques within the Challenge IP.

Giddens A.,Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991.

This the second work that put risk at the centre of European social theory debates and focuses more on the processes that link the late modern individual to contemporary (Western) conditions. A series of arguments support the idea of a reduced sense of security and purport to explain the undermining of the contemporary self in terms of a break with well established social and cultural processes which late modernity makes redundant. Despite the influence of Giddens’s work, particularly in the English-speaking world where it is generally considered less abstruse than Beck’s "risk society", it is difficult to find etiological links between the well-known developments that Giddens addresses. With the benefit if time elapsed, it is possible to look at both works as reliable descriptions of contemporary declines in trust and security but not as frameworks of explanatory power regarding the current condition; this remains a challenge to which this WP and the entire Challenge IP are geared to contribute.

Inglehart R.,Culture shift in advanced industrial society, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1990.

This is an important work as it condenses extensive comparative survey findings into a theoretical framework. Inglehart’s approach is often rejected in principle because it is underlain by "needs theory", i.e. a hierarchised conception of covering needs with societies focused on the very basic ones developing different cultures and values than societies which focus on "postmaterialist" frameworks of organisation and competition. Methodological polemics and the rivalry of paradigms in the United States and Europe should turn away the attention that is due to such intercultural comparisons. It is possibly more productive to look at Inglehart’s work as a powerful summary of trends that are certainly at work in today’s societies and keep substantiated doubts regarding the causes and the processes that generate these trends. Works in this vein are important for WP11 because they supply processed suggestions on the shifts that underlie the current quest for security and the formidable institutional backing for that quest.

Konthilis P.,Ισχύς και απόφαση (Power and Decision), Στιγμή, Αθήνα, 1991. Also in German:Macht und Entscheidung, Ernst Klett, Stuttgart, 1984.

In this bold and original work, Konthilis attributes roles to social processes and their understanding. He investigates in great depth the relation between human sociality, individual priorities and structures of power. The sheer depth of Konthilis’s interpretative endeavour invites serious thinking on the very nature of decision as an epitome of power and the determinist chaos of socio-historical processes. Contrary to conventional wisdom, both ideological and libertarian critiques appear of little use when the practical incarnation of power descends upon societies in the form of decisions, be they imperially sovereign or minutely administrative. Konthilis’s account explains that the regulatory social mechanisms run in the dynamics that make decision necessary. This is an excellent insight in the context of omnipresent insecurity discourses, because it defines the whole operation of governance in terms of prescriptive sociocultural frame. Insecurity can then be viewed as an all-encompassing narrative for the legitimacy of governance and, by the same token, as an ideal foundation for allowing late capitalist regimes of power to appear non-ideological. Although the statement inspires pessimism in those who believe in the critical contribution of democracy, its deeper focus points to the significance of speed in neutralising hegemonic discourses.

Castells M., The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture; Vol.I: The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell. Cambridge MA., 1996; Vol.II: The Power of Identity. Malden MA, 1997; Vol.III: End of Millennium. Malden MA., 1998.

An extensive statement on the late modern condition seen from the angle of communication and network structures. In this long and erudite statement Castells makes the case for ’the pre-eminence of social morphology over social action’. Networks become the fundamental unit of diffuse and unassailable power and they bring «statism» to an end as they move capitalism via «informationalism». Little doubt remains to the reader of this trilogy regarding the significance of networks as primary levers of economic developments; in this sense Castells deserves all the praise that he has received. It is an altogether different matter, however, to accept an extensive set of thoughtful observations as explanatory theory. In this respect, there is little that the work adds to its major theoretical foundations, which it mostly owes to Bell and Marx and, partially, to Baudrillard and Touraine. The overwhelming focus on economic, political and social novelty brought about by the information age has probably hampered the explanatory potential of the approach and, by the same token, the understanding of late modern socio-cultural processes that support informational capitalism. Otherwise put, this is an impressive statement on the modus operandi of information-based capitalism, not an interpretation of its causes and consequences on human societies.

Bell D.,The Coming of the Postindustrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting, Basic Books, New York, 1973.

This predictive and substantiated statement provided a solid framework against which contemporary understandings of late modernity can still be tested. Bell’s "venture" touches upon a series of issues that remain important for understanding current socio-economic change and the insecurity that comes with it. One of the reasons why Bell’s work is still important is its remarkable insight regarding the gap between systems of beliefs and values and the fundamental parameters of socioeconomic organisation, stratification and sociality. The links between such parameters may seem today more obvious than when Bell wrote but it is undoubtedly easier to identify these links after having read his work. Some of Bell’s predictions are still open to questioning but the transition that he foresaw is certainly taking place along many of the lines that he described, mainly for the American society. It is in many ways right to suggest that Bell’s venture has been an extraordinary success.

Lianos M., Le nouveau contrôle social : toile institutionnelle, normativité et lien social, L’Harmattan-Logiques Sociales, Paris, 2001.

This is a modest work on the transformation of social control in capitalist democracies. The argument describes three dimensions of change: privatisation, dangerisation and periopticity. The aim of the book is to provide a post-foucauldian perspective for thinking on social control, without following the reductionist path of "big brotherism" or surrendering to the fascination of technological dystopias. In fact, this is a balanced statement on the change that new modes of sociality entail in the sphere of norms. One of the pivotal ideas of the book is that the dynamics of social control in late capitalism is deeply embedded in the debilitating consequences of socio-economic change. The individuated perception of these consequences is the ideal precondition for the unabated proliferation of hegemonic discourses around all sorts of threats and the increasing need for security.

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Michalis Lianos is Director of the «Centre For Empirically Informed Social Theory» (CEIST) at the University of Portsmouth, UK and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Caen in France. He was previously Lecturer at the University of London (Goldsmiths College).

Michalis works on an empirically informed theory of socio-economic and socio-cultural transition in late modernity. He co-ordinated the European project «Uncertainty and Insecurity in Europe» and his publications include Le nouveau contrôle social (L’Harmattan - Logiques Sociales, Paris, 2001) ; with Mary Douglas, Dangerization and the End of Deviance in Garland & Sparks, Criminology and Social Theory, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; Risk and Power: The Challenge of Depoliticising Centro di Ricerca sulle Istituzioni Europee & Elio Sellino, Naples, 2004.

Michalis is currently working on three book projects : L’individu vide : le déclin de la personne devant les institutions (The empty individual: Institutions and the Decline of the Person); Pierre Bourdieu : A Critical Tribute (firstly to be published as a special issue of the Journal Sociological Research Online) ; Modernity as Weakness : The Decline of Human Sociality (currently in discussion with Oxford University Press). As a core partner of the European Integrated Project «Challenge», Michalis co-directs the European Observatory on Liberty and Security (EOLS) in the Paris School of Political Science; he is also associated researcher to the LASMAS Centre of the French National Research Institute (CNRS), the French National School of the Social Sciences (EHESS) and the University of Caen.