Borders - Frontières

Articles

• L’Europe des camps : la mise à l’écart des étrangers (2)

  14 April 2005, by Cultures & Conflits
  Les pays de l’Union Européenne, comme les autres pays occidentaux, développent une culture politique de séparation et d’opposition entre ceux qui peuvent circuler librement de par le monde et ceux pour qui cela est interdit. Ce mur symbolique a pris notamment la forme d’un commun titre européen de division du monde et de rejet : le visa Schengen (Cultures & Conflits, n°49 et 50). La volonté de mise à distance des étrangers autres que ceux utiles à l’économie s’exacerbe aujourd’hui avec les politiques de répression et d’enfermement des exilés : c’est l’Europe des camps. Il ne s’agit ni seulement des « camps de réfugiés » qui apparaissent près des zones de conflits ou de catastrophes ni des « camps de concentration » que l’Europe connut durant la seconde guerre mondiale. Il s’agit de la multitude des lieux d’enfermement et de regroupement forcé des exilés qui se tournent vers l’Europe pour y trouver refuge, qu’ils soient demandeurs d’asile, réfugiés, sans-papiers ou en transit dans les pays voisins. La prolifération de ces camps d’exilés donne à la carte européenne une figure marquée par l’histoire actuelle de la phobie des exilés. Cette figure révèle une transformation profonde des cultures européennes et signale les implications de ce tournant aux marches de l’Europe : des voisins subordonnés et réduits à la fonction répressive de gardien des frontières.

• Etrangers : la mise à l’écart

  14 April 2005, by Politix
  Une double actualité, politique et scientifique, a fait surgir, dans le débat public, la question de la mise à l’écart des étrangers. Des mesures politiques récentes, nationales et européennes, sont venues renforcer les dispositifs de contrôle et d’enfermement des migrants et susciter de vives réactions de la part des différentes associations défendant le droit des étrangers. La loi Sarkozy de novembre 2003 a ainsi créé des centres et des locaux de rétention administrative et affiché sa volonté d’accélérer et de doubler le nombre de reconduites à la frontière d’étrangers en situation irrégulière. Parallèlement, le conseil européen « Justice et Affaires intérieures » (devenu « Justice, Liberté et Sécurité ») dont dépendent les politiques d’asile et d’immigration a repris à son compte en 2004, après quelques hésitations et le veto de la Suède, la proposition de Tony Blair révélée en février 2003 de créer des ’zones sûres’ hors des frontières de l’Union européenne, où seraient retenus les demandeurs d’asile le temps du traitement de leur requête.

• The Legal Elements of European Identity: EU Citizenship and Migration Law

  12 April 2005, by Guild Elspeth
  The individual has become visible throughout Europe and within its institutions as a potential or actual rights holder. He or she is no longer defined as visible or invisible in law by the nation state alone. In today’s Europe, he or she establishes identity - that is, the rights to entry, residence, work, family life, and protection from expulsion - through a multilayered legal structure involving the nation state, the EU, and the Council of Europe and all their political, administrative, and judicial arenas. In this study Elspeth Guild examines the ways in which law in Europe defines the status of the individual and his or her entitlements as regards identity.

• Internal and External Security(ies): The Möbius Ribbon

  7 April 2005, by Bigo Didier
  The significance of the article - from the viewpoint of this study - lies in its discussion on the nature of the merger of internal and external security. Bigo argues that even if security needs to be understood as a much wider concept than has traditionally been the case, one should still differentiate between national/state security and societal/identity-related security.

• Reinstatement of Controls at the Internal Borders of Europe: Why and Against Whom?

  6 April 2005, by Groenendijk Kees
  Each of the successive arrangements on abolition of controls at the internal borders in Europe provided for the possibility of temporary reinstatement of border controls. The actual use of this power may tell us about the functions of border controls.

• The Changing Significance of European Borders

  5 April 2005, by O’Dowd Liam
  The starting point of this article is that the nature and functions of borders have been changing dramatically in Europe since the end of the cold war. The article aims to outline and analyse some of the key dimensions of this change. The article provides some very interesting insights into the debate on the nature of borders by delineating four different conceptual understandings of borders: borders as barriers, bridges, resources and symbols of identity.

• Controlling a New Migration World

  4 April 2005, by Guiraudon Virginie, Joppke Christian
  This book examines the efforts of contemporary western states to control international migration. Its purpose is to circumscribe the new strategies and instruments of control thar migrant receiving states have devised at the local, national, and transnational levels to scope with new forms of migration that deviate fundamentally from classic, settlement-oriented immigration: illegal migration, mass asylum-seeking, circular migration patterns ‘on the ground’. This books explores the impact of migration flows on the development of state policies and, in turn, sheds light on the unintended consequences of policies for the new character of migration.

• The Sharp Edges of Europe: Extending Schengen Eastwards

  29 March 2005, by Grabbe Heather
  The main body of the article deals with EU’s internal and external border policies and the dilemmas and points of friction between the insiders, soon-to-be insiders and outsiders of the EU. Grabbe highlights the fact that EU’s border policies have major security implications for eastern Europe: disruption of bilateral relationships, transboundary cooperation and regional economic integration could have dramatic consequences for the development of EU’s neighbour states. There have already been signs of growing dissatisfaction of the outsider states whose political leaders have claimed that the EU is replacing the Iron Curtain with a paper curtain.

• Entre modernité et mondialisation - Cinq leçons d’histoire de la philosophie du droit et de l’État

  9 March 2005, by Arnaud André-Jean
  Arnaud studies certain significant aspects of the process of globalization in this collection of essays; in this report, the themes that are the most relevant for our research will be briefly presented. The introductory chapter offers a general account of globalization, which is important for the theoretical tools that need to be devised to grasp the normative parameters at global level. Globalization is the product of a number of conditions: a change in the modes of production; the development of markets of capital; the growth of multi-national enterprises; the relationships between regional economic blocks -including the EU; structural adjustments leading to privatization and diminishing the role of the State; the hegemony of neo-liberal concepts; a growing interest in the expansion of democracy, in the protection of human rights and in the establishment of the rule of law worldwide; and the growth of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

• How New Enlarged Borders Will Shape the EU?

  3 March 2005, by Zielonka Jan
  This article links the discussion on the nature and the final goal of the European project with the debate on Europe’s new borders and their functions in an inspirational way. Zielonka distinguishes between two possible models of future development of the EU: the Westphalian model and neo-medieval model.

• Financial Surveillance-Liberty or Security?

  1 March 2005, by Vlcek William
  The impact of changing perceptions of liberty and security impinge upon the daily lives of ordinary citizens beyond the bag inspections and metal detectors in public buildings, public events and public transportation systems. This paper proposes to outline the more subtle effects to daily life emerging from the increased surveillance of financial transactions to counter the financing of terrorism. The surveillance of ‘normal’ financial transactions affects citizens and non-citizens in a variety of ways, which include opening and maintaining bank accounts, transferring money across borders, securing home mortgages, and even the choice of charity to support.

• Balancing between exclusion and inclusion: the impact of enlargement and new security challenges on EU’s external border policies

  28 February 2005, by Sinikukka Saari
  This working paper will argue that one can identify two simultaneous and mutually contradictory processes of building security vis-à-vis ’outsiders’ in today’s Europe: one pulling towards exclusion and one towards inclusion.

• WP2 : Contribution of London School of Economics and Political Science

  28 February 2005, by Smith Karen
  The areas that the team will be looking at are the external dimensions of Justice and Home Affairs, the European Security and Defence Policy and Common Foreign and Security policy and the inter-linkages between them in light of the fight against international organised crime. In addition to this EU level of analysis, the team will be analysing how the fight against new security threats influences the permanent (or at least long-term) outsiders of the EU, as well as the daily lives of citizens.

• Council regulation on biometric passports: what are the questions we need to ask?

  28 February 2005, by Ranalli Simona
  The European Council adopted on December 13, 2004 a regulation on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States. The regulation has been published on the Official Journal of the European Union on December 29, 2004 and has entered into force 20 days after its publication. The questions we need to ask are: do the risks of infringing established civil liberties of EU citizens outweigh the possible benefits of such a measure? Are the initiatives to be taken proportional to the intended objective?

• Controlling our borders : Making migration work for Britain

  18 February 2005, by Secretary of State for the Home Department
  This five year plan for our immigration and asylum system is based on three sound principles. It shows how we are going to enforce strict controls to root out abuse. It will ensure Britain continues to benefit from people from abroad who work hard and add to our prosperity. And, importantly, it puts forward solutions to a difficult issue which are clear, workable and in the best interests of this country. I believe it will meet both the public’s concerns and our nation’s needs. There is no doubt that concerns over immigration have increased in recent years. But immigration, of course, is neither new nor unique to Britain. Our country’s history and success would be very different without the enterprise and energy of people who, over centuries, have come to settle here. We would be poorer in every way without them. Tony Blair

• Data surveillance and Border Control in the EU : The legal protection of migrants with regard to SIS

  3 February 2005, by Challenge
  Le Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERI) organise un séminaire de recherche : Data surveillance and border control in the EU The legal protection of migrants with regard to SIS par Evelien Brouwer Legal Researcher Université de Nijmegen (Pays-Bas). La discussion sera introduite par : Floréal Klein et Pierre-E. Guérinet (Université Paris I, CETCOPRA) sur le thème Le profilage génétique des populations dans les domaines sanitaires et policiers : étude sur la constitution des banques de données génétiques.

• Visa Information System (VIS) and the exchange of data between Member States on short stay-visas

  24 January 2005, by European Commission
  When progressively establishing an area of freedom, security and justice, the European Union shall ensure the free movement of persons and a high level of security. In this context, top priority has been given to the development and establishment of the Visa Information System (VIS) as a system for the exchange of visa data between Member States, which represents one of the key initiatives within the EU policies aimed at supporting stability and security.

• Des camps en Europe aux camps de l’Europe

  31 December 2004, by Saint-Saëns Isabelle
  En février 2003, Tony Blair propose à ses partenaires de l’Union des « zones de protection » hors des frontières de l’UE, où seraient enfermés les demandeurs d’asile le temps du traitement de leur requête. Le sommet de Thessalonique de juin 2003 reporte ce plan sans le rejeter explicitement, en invitant la Grande-Bretagne à mener des « expérimentations à petite échelle ». Le 21 juillet 2004 Otto Schily, ministre de l’Intérieur allemand, propose la création par l’UE en Afrique du Nord de centres fermés où instruire les demandes d’asile de migrants en route vers l’Europe ; Joschka Fischer s’émeut, l’affaire est enterrée. Pas pour longtemps : le 12 août Schily et son homologue italien Giuseppe Pisanu lancent l’idée de camps en Libye et au Maroc. Le projet fait son chemin, sur fond de levée de l’embargo contre la Libye et de consensus européen : les Présidents de la Commission, le provisoirement ex-ancien Romano Prodi et le temporairement ex-futur José Manuel Barroso, ainsi que le définitivement out et résolument papiste, homophobe et misogyne Commissaire pour la Justice, la liberté et la sécurité, Rocco Buttiglione, le soutiennent.

• Migrations en Europe : les frontières de la liberté

  28 December 2004, by Multitudes
  La majeure « Migrations en Europe : les frontières de la liberté » (coordonnée par Yann Moulier Boutang) propose d’abord un recadrage théorique : comment penser adéquatement les migrations aujourd’hui ? Une introduction générale rédigée collectivement montre pourquoi l’expérience propre du « migrant » ne saurait être soluble dans une vague référence à « l’Autre », et pourquoi la figure de « l’intruder » joue un rôle central dans la fantasmatique politique contemporaine.

• La participation des militaires à la sécurité intérieure : Royaume-Uni et Irlande du Nord

  20 December 2004, by Bigo Didier
  This reports deals, among other themes, with the relation between the involvement of the military on the national territory and the practices that prevail in external operation.

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